Tamarack Feed & Supply Company

Glossary of every term

547 terms from 25 chapters, A to Z. Each chapter link opens the story at the spot where the term is used.

A

Acceptable use policiesexam: An acceptable use policy is a set of rules specifying the legal and ethical use of a system and the consequences of noncompliance.
Access controlsexam: Access controls are designed to protect systems from unauthorized access in order to preserve data integrity.
Accountabilityexam: Accountability refers to issues involving both a user’s and organization’s responsibilities and liabilities.
Accounting formatexam: The number format that places a currency symbol at the left edge of the cell, adds a thousands separator to the value, shows two decimal places, lines up numbers within a column by their currency symbols and decimal points, displays negative numbers within parentheses, and displays zero values with a dash.
Activity Calendarexam: A feature in SAM that displays available assignments and due dates.
Activity Listexam: A feature in SAM that provides a detailed list of assignments with their availability, due date, section, and status.
Add-inexam: Software that adds commands and features to Microsoft Office applications.
Advanced filteringexam: In an Excel table or data range, a way of writing more complicated filter criteria that involves expressions that combine fields using the AND and OR logical operators.
Adwareexam: Adware is a form of spyware that collects information about the user (without the user’s consent) to determine which advertisements to display in the user’s Web browser.
Aggregationsupport: How Power BI combines a field's values in a visual: sum by default, or average, count, minimum, or maximum.
Allocationexam: The allocation approach to a distributed DBMS combines fragmentation and replication, with each site storing the data it uses most often.
Analyticsexam: Data analysis that seeks to answer questions related to strategic planning.
AND functionexam: A logical function that returns the word TRUE if both arguments are true.
Answer reportexam: A Solver report summarizing the results of a successful solution.
Application service providers (ASPs)exam: Application service providers (ASPs) provide access to software or services for a fee.
Application softwareexam: Application software can be commercial software or software developed in-house; it is used to perform a variety of tasks on a personal computer.
Applied Stepssupport: The Query Editor's list of every shaping step, in order. Power BI replays the list each time the data refreshes.
Approximate match lookupexam: A lookup in which the lookup value falls within a range in a lookup table.
Argumentexam: In Excel and Access, and in Word tables, information necessary for a formula or function to calculate an answer.
Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)exam: The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic operations (+, −, *, /) as well as comparison or relational operations (<, >, =); the latter are used to compare numbers.
Arithmetic operatorsexam: In a formula, a symbol that performs mathematical calculations, such as addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/), or exponentiation (^).
Array formulaexam: An Excel formula that performs multiple calculations within a single step.
Artificial intelligence (AI)exam: Artificial intelligence (AI) consists of related technologies that try to simulate and reproduce human thought and behavior, including thinking, speaking, feeling, and reasoning. AI technologies apply computers to areas that require knowledge, perception, reasoning, understanding, and cognitive abilities.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs)exam: Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are networks that learn and are capable of performing tasks that are difficult with conventional computers, such as playing chess, recognizing patterns in faces and objects, and filtering spam e-mail.
Ascending orderexam: The arrangement of text alphabetically from A to Z, numbers from smallest to largest, and dates from oldest to newest.
Assembly languageexam: Assembly language, the second generation of computer languages, is a higher-level language than machine language but is also machine dependent. It uses a series of short codes, or mnemonics, to represent data or instructions.
Asymmetric encryptionexam: Asymmetric encryption uses two keys: a public key known to everyone and a private or secret key known only to the recipient. A message encrypted with a public key can be decrypted only with the same algorithm used by the public key and requires the recipient’s private key, too. Any people who intercept the message cannot decrypt it because they do not have the private key.
Augmented intelligenceexam: The goal of augmented intelligence is to complement decision makers, not replace them.
Augmented reality (AR)exam: Augmented reality (AR) is a branch of virtual reality that generates a virtual scene that is overlaid on the real object.
Authentication tokensexam: Authentication tokens improve security by transmitting a security token among connected applications. The user logs in once with approved credentials, and then a unique token is generated and shared with connected applications or Web sites to verify the user’s identity for a given period.
AutoCompleteexam: A feature that automatically suggests text, numbers, or dates to insert.
AutoFitexam: In an Excel worksheet or a table in Word, PowerPoint, or Access a feature that automatically adjusts column width or row height to accommodate its widest or tallest entry.
Availabilityexam: Availability means that computers and networks are operating, and that authorized users can access the information they need. It also means a quick recovery in the event of a system failure or disaster.
Avatarexam: An avatar is a 2D or 3D graphical representation of a person in the virtual world; avatars are used in chat rooms and online games.
Averageexam: The sum of the data values divided by the number of values in the data series; also called mean.
AVERAGE functionexam: An Excel function that calculates the average value of a collection of numbers.
AVERAGEIFS functionexam: An Excel function that calculates the average of values within a range that meet multiple criteria.
Axis titleexam: Descriptive text that appears next to a chart’s horizontal or vertical axis.

B

Backdoorexam: A backdoor (also called a trapdoor) is a programming routine built into a system by its designer or programmer. It enables the designer or programmer to bypass system security and sneak back into the system later to access programs or files.
Backstage viewexam: The view that contains commands that let you manage the file and program settings.
Backward chainingexam: In backward chaining, the expert system starts with the goal—the “then” part—and backtracks to find the right solution.
Baitingexam: Baiting is similar to phishing attacks. What distinguishes it from phishing is the promise that the baiter gives to the recipient.
Bar chartexam: A column chart turned on its side so that the length of each bar is based on its value.
Bar chartsexam: Bar charts emphasize the differences among data items.
Base fieldexam: A field used as the basis for comparison.
Base itemexam: An item used as the basis for comparison.
Big dataexam: MIS 3
Big data is data so voluminous that conventional computing methods are not able to efficiently process and manage it.; BI Tools · Power Query
Large and complex data sources that defy easy handling with traditional data processing methods.
Binding constraintexam: A constraint that must be included in the Solver model and is a limiting factor in arriving at a solution.
Binsexam: Categories within a histogram into which data values are allocated.
Biometric security measuresexam: Biometric security measures use a physiological element that is unique to a person and cannot be stolen, lost, copied, or passed on to others.
Black hatsexam: Hackers who specialize in unauthorized penetration of information systems. They attack systems for profit, fun, or political motivation or as part of a social cause. These penetration attacks often involve modifying and destroying data.
Blended threatexam: A blended threat is a security threat that combines the characteristics of computer viruses, worms, and other malicious codes with vulnerabilities found on public and private networks.
Blockchainexam: A blockchain is a decentralized and distributed network that is used to record transactions across connected devices as blocks of data that cannot be altered after being recorded.
Blockchain as a service (BaaS)exam: Backup as a service (BaaS) · MIS 10
The backup as a service (BaaS) model provides offsite data storage for files, folders, or the entire contents of a hard drive.; Blockchain as a service (BaaS) · MIS 10
Blockchain as a service (BaaS) is third-party cloud-based infrastructure that organizations can use to develop their own blockchain and smart contract applications.
Brain passwordexam: A brain password is a digital reading of a user’s brain activity while looking at a series of images. These brain activities are recorded in a database. To log in to a system or enter a secure room, the user puts on a special hat and again watches the sequence of images. The new brain activities are compared with the ones in the database and then access is given or denied.
Break-even analysisexam: Another term for Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysis.
Busexam: A bus is a link between devices connected to the computer. It can be parallel or serial, internal (local) or external.
Business analytics (BA)exam: Business analytics (BA) uses data and statistical methods to gain insight into the data and provide decision makers with information they can act on.
Business continuity planningexam: Business continuity planning outlines procedures for keeping an organization operational after a natural disaster or network attack.
Business intelligence (BI)exam: MIS 3, BI · BI Tools · Power Query
Business intelligence (BI) provides historical, current, and predictive views of business operations and environments and gives organizations a competitive advantage in the marketplace.; Business Intelligence · BI Tools · Power Query
Software tools designed to extract useful information from big data.
Business networking ethicsexam: Business networking ethics advocates that to maintain a business network, not only should the organization provide open and fair access to all authorized users, it should also consider three types of networking: utilitarian, emotional, and virtuous.
Business Understanding (CRISP-DM phase 1)exam: Understanding the project objectives and requirements from a business perspective, converting this knowledge into a BI problem definition, and developing a preliminary plan designed to achieve the objectives.

C

Cache RAMexam: Cache RAM resides on the processor. Because memory access from main RAM storage takes several clock cycles (a few nanoseconds), cache RAM stores recently accessed memory so the processor is not waiting for the memory transfer.
Calculated columnexam: A calculation added as a new column in a table, with a new value in each row. Computed at refresh time. Good for simple calculations, or when you need to slice or filter on the values.
Calculated fieldexam: In an Excel table, a field whose values are not entered but calcuated based on other fields.
Calculated itemexam: A user-defined formula for calculations between items within a PivotTable field.
Calculated measureexam: A calculation that belongs to the entire data set, not to a table. Use it for all aggregate functions. Computed on the fly in a visual, it adapts to whatever filters are applied, and it can be used in other calculations.
Callback modemexam: A callback modem verifies whether a user’s access is valid by logging the user off (after the user attempts to connect to the network) and then calling the user back at a predetermined number.
Case-based reasoning (CBR)exam: Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving technique that matches a new case (problem) with a previously solved case and its solution, the details of which have been stored in a database. After finding a match, the CBR system offers a solution; if no match is found, even after more information is supplied, the human expert must solve the problem.
Cash flowexam: The movement of money to and from an individual or company.
Category axisexam: The horizontal axis in a chart, usually containing the names of data categories; also called the x-axis.
Category mapexam: A map chart that fills regions belonging to the same category with the same color.
Cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE)exam: A cave automatic virtual environment (CAVE) consists of a cube-shaped room in which the walls are rear-projection screens. A CAVE uses holographic devices that create, capture, and display images in true 3D form.
CELL functionexam: A function used to retrieve information about a cell.
Cell referenceexam: The column letter and row number location that identifies a cell within a worksheet or table, such as A1.
Cell styleexam: A collection of formatting options, such as a specified font, font size, font styles, font color, fill color, and borders, that is applied to a cell.
Central processing unit (CPU)exam: The central processing unit (CPU) is the heart of a computer. It is divided into two components: the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and the control unit.
Central tendencyexam: A single measurement from a data series that returns the most typical or “central” data value.
Chart elementsexam: A part of a chart, such as its title or legend, which you can add, remove, or modify.
Chart sheetexam: A separate sheet in a workbook that contains only a chart, which is linked to the workbook data.
Chartsexam: A graphic that represents data using bars, columns, dots, lines, or other symbols to make the data easier to understand and to make it easier to see the relationships among the data.
Cheap fakesexam: Cheap fakes, sometimes known as the new fake news, are audiovisual manipulations of events created with cheap software that’s readily available on the Web and then modified using Photoshop and other tools and distributed through the Web.
Choice phaseexam: During the choice phase, the best and most effective course of action is chosen.
Classexam: A class defines the format of the object and the action that it performs.
Clearingexam: To remove data, formats, or filters from cells.
Clipboardexam: A temporary Windows storage area that holds the selections you copy or cut so you can use them later.
Close & Loadsupport: The Query Editor command that finishes shaping and loads the data into the model.
Cloud computingexam: Cloud computing uses one platform to incorporate many technologies, including the SaaS model, Web 2.0, grid computing, and utility computing; hence, a variety of resources can be provided to users over the Internet. Business applications are accessed via a Web browser, and data is stored on the providers’ servers.
Cloud storageexam: Used for online storage and backup, cloud storage involves multiple virtual servers that are usually hosted by third parties. Customers buy or lease storage space from third parties based on their current or future needs.
Clustered column chartexam: A column chart that displays data values in side-by-side columns.
Collaboration system or collaboration softwareexam: A collaboration system or collaboration software assists teams in communicating, collaborating, and coordinating their activities.
Collaborative filtering (CF)exam: Collaborative filtering (CF) is a search for specific information or patterns using input from multiple business partners and data sources. It identifies groups of people based on common interests and recommends products or services based on what members of the group purchased or did not purchase.
Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR)exam: Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) is used to coordinate supply chain members through point-of-sale (POS) data sharing and joint planning.
Column chartexam: A chart that displays data values as columns; the column height represents the value.
Column chartsexam: Column charts are useful for showing data changes over a period of time or for illustrating comparisons among items.
Comma Separated Values (CSV) filesexam: A text file with a .txt or .csv file extension, in which each paragraph contains one record, with the fields separated by commas.
Communication softwareexam: Communication software, which also includes audio and video conferencing, provides chat, messaging, or video features that enable real-time communication.
Community cloudexam: With the community cloud, the cloud infrastructure is designed for exclusive use by a specific community of users from organizations that share common concerns.
Comparison operatorexam: A symbol that indicates the relationship between two values.
Computerexam: A computer is a machine that accepts data as input, processes data without human intervention by using stored instructions, and outputs information.
Computer fraudexam: Computer fraud is the unauthorized use of computer data for personal gain.
Computer literacyexam: Computer literacy is skill in using productivity software, such as word processors, spreadsheets, database management systems, and presentation software, as well as having a basic knowledge of hardware and software, the Internet, and collaboration tools and technologies.
Conditional averageexam: Refers to the AVERAGEIF function, which averages the values in a range that match criteria you specify.
Conditional countexam: Refers to the COUNTIF function, which calculates the number of cells in a range that match criteria you specify.
Conditional sumexam: Refers to the SUMIF function, which adds the values in a range that match criteria you specify.
Confidence boundsexam: The upper and lower measures of the uncertainty of a forecast, indicating the range forecasted values will lie within.
Confidentialityexam: Confidentiality means that a system must prevent disclosing information to anyone who is not authorized to access it.
Constantsexam: Terms in an equation whose values don’t change.
Contextual computingexam: Contextual computing refers to a computing environment that is always present, can feel our surroundings, and—based on who we are, where we are, and whom we are with—offer recommendations.
Control unitexam: The control unit tells the computer what to do, such as instructing the computer which device to read or send output to.
Cookiesexam: Cookies are small text files with unique ID tags that are embedded in a Web browser and saved on the user’s hard drive.
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) analysisexam: A branch of financial analysis that studies the relationship between expenses, sales volume, and profitability.
Cost-Volume-Profit (CVP) chartexam: A branch of financial analysis that studies the relationship between expenses, sales volume, and profitability.
COUNTIFS functionexam: A function that counts the number of cells within a range that meet multiple criteria.
CPU caseexam: A CPU case is also known as a computer chassis or tower. It is the enclosure containing the computer’s main components.
Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD)exam: Create, read, update, and delete (CRUD) refers to a range of functions and the users who data administrators determine have permission to perform those functions.
CRISP-DMexam: CRoss-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining: a BI and data mining project methodology. Non-proprietary, industry-neutral, and tool-neutral, with a life cycle of six phases.
A standard process makes BI reliable and repeatable by people with little BI background.
Criteria filtersexam: Conditions you specify for a filter.
Criteria rangeexam: A location separate from the table used to list specific search specifications.
Cryptocurrencyexam: Cryptocurrency is digital money created from computer codes. It is monitored by a peer-to-peer Internet protocol.
Cryptojackingexam: Cryptojacking occurs when hackers secretly use the computing power of a user to mine cryptocurrency.
CUMIPMT functionexam: The financial function to calculate the sum of several interest payments.
CUMPRINC functionexam: The financial function to calculate the cumulative total of payments made toward the principal.
Currency formatexam: In Excel, the number format that places a currency symbol directly to the left of the first digit of the monetary value, adds a thousands separator to the value, shows two decimal places, lines up numbers within a column by their decimal points, and displays negative numbers with a negative sign.
Custom listexam: A sequence you specify to sort data.
Customer relationship management (CRM)exam: Customer relationship management (CRM) consists of the processes a company uses to track and organize its contacts with customers. It improves services offered to customers and uses customer contact information for targeted marketing.
Customizationexam: Customization allows customers to modify the standard offering of a product, such as selecting a different home page to be displayed each time you open your Web browser.
Cybersquattingexam: Cybersquatting is registering, selling, or using a domain name to profit from someone else’s trademark.

D

Dataexam: Data consists of raw facts and is a component of an information system.
Data as a service (DaaS)exam: The data as a service (DaaS) model delivers data storage, integration, processing, and analytics services over the cloud.
Data calloutexam: Data labels that appear in a chart as bubbles pointing to data markers.
Data Cubeexam: A set of advanced analytic functions that you can use with multidimensional data; also called cube functions.
Data definition tableexam: Documentation that lists the fields to be maintained for each record, a description of the information each field will include, and the type of data stored in each field.
Data dictionaryexam: The data dictionary stores definitions, such as data types for fields, default values, and validation rules for data in each field.
Data encryptionexam: Data encryption transforms data, called plaintext or cleartext, into a scrambled form called ciphertext that cannot be read by others.
Data hierarchyexam: A data hierarchy is the structure and organization of data, which involves fields, records, and files.
Data lakeexam: A data lake gathers and stores data in its original format in a central location. The collected data can be structured as well as unstructured.
Data martexam: A data mart is usually a smaller version of a data warehouse, used by a single department or function.
Data modelexam: A data model determines how data is created, represented, organized, and maintained. It usually contains a data structure, operations, and integrity rules.
Data Preparation (CRISP-DM phase 3)exam: Covers all activities necessary for constructing the final dataset from the initial raw data. Tasks are likely to be performed multiple times and not in any prescribed order.
Can easily take 80% to 90% of a project's time.
Data seriesexam: Data from a column or row in a sheet; the set of values represented in a chart.
Data tableexam: A range of cells that shows the resulting values when one or more input values are varied in a formula; in a chart, a grid containing the chart data.
Data Understanding (CRISP-DM phase 2)exam: Starts with an initial data collection and proceeds with activities to get familiar with the data, identify data quality problems, discover first insights, and detect interesting subsets to form hypotheses for hidden information.
Data viewexam: Excel 10
In Power Pivot, the view that shows the contents of each table in the Data Model in a separate tab.; ITM 310
The Power BI Desktop view that shows the rows of each table. The course recommends creating calculations here, from the Modeling tab.
Data warehouseexam: A data warehouse is a collection of data from a variety of sources used to support decision-making applications and generate business intelligence.
Databaseexam: A database is a collection of related data that is stored in a central location or in multiple locations.
Database administrator (DBA)exam: Database administrator (DBA) in large organizations design and set up databases, establish security measures, develop recovery procedures, evaluate database performance, and add and fine-tune database functions.
Database functionexam: A function that performs summary data analysis, such as sum, average, or count, on an Excel table or data range based on criteria specified in a criteria range.
Database management system (DBMS)exam: A database management system (DBMS) is software for creating, storing, maintaining, and accessing database files. A DBMS makes using databases more efficient.
Database marketingexam: Database marketing uses an organization’s database of customers and potential customers to promote products or services.
Data-driven decision support systemexam: A set of software packages that provide analysts with tools to interpret big data.
Data-driven Web siteexam: A data-driven Web site acts as an interface to a database, retrieving data for users and allowing users to enter data in the database.
Data-mining agentsexam: Data-mining agents work with a data warehouse, detecting trends and discovering new information and relationships among data items that were not readily apparent.
Data-mining analysisexam: Data-mining analysis is used to discover patterns and relationships.
Date dataexam: A value in a recognized date format.
Date filtersexam: A filter applied directly to PivotTable fields that selects data based on specific dates or date ranges.
DAX (Data Analysis Expressions)exam: A library of functions and operators used to build formulas in Power BI Desktop (and other Microsoft data systems). Starts similar to Excel functions, but goes far beyond.
Decision support system (DSS)exam: A decision support system (DSS) is an interactive information system consisting of hardware, software, data, and models (mathematical and statistical) designed to assist decision makers in an organization. Its three major components are a database, a model base, and a user interface.
Declining balance depreciationexam: A depreciation in which an asset loses value by an equal percentage each time period until it reach the salvage value.
Deepfakesexam: Deepfakes are fake videos or audio recordings that look and sound just like real events.
Deletingexam: To remove both the data and the selected cells from the worksheet.
Delimiterexam: A separator such as a space, comma, or semicolon between elements in imported data.
Denial-of-service (DoS) attackexam: A denial-of-service (DoS) attack floods a network or server with service requests to prevent legitimate users’ access to the system.
Deployment (CRISP-DM phase 6)exam: Determining how the results need to be used, who needs to use them, and how often, and implementing a repeatable BI process.
Descending orderexam: Data sorted from highest to lowest, most recent to earliest, or alphabetically from Z to A.
Design phaseexam: In the design phase, the objective is to define criteria for the decision, generate alternatives for meeting the criteria, and define associations between the criteria and the alternatives.
Dfunctionexam: A function that performs summary data analysis, such as sum, average, or count, on an Excel table or data range based on criteria specified in a criteria range.
Diagram viewexam: The view in PowerPivot that shows the structure of each data table.
Digital citizenshipexam: Digital citizenship means using information technology safely, ethically, and responsibly.
Digital dashboardexam: A digital dashboard integrates information from multiple sources and presents it in a unified, understandable format, often as charts and graphs. It offers up-to-the minute snapshots of information and assists decision makers in identifying trends and potential problems.
Digital divideexam: Information technology and the Internet have created a digital divide. Computers are still not affordable for many people. The digital divide has implications for education.
Digital signatureexam: An electronic attachment not visible in the file that verifies the identify of the creation of the file by comparing the digital signature to a digital certificate.
Dimension tablesupport: A lookup table in a star schema, such as products, stores, or dates, that describes the rows in the fact table.
Disinformationexam: Disinformation is fake information that is knowingly distributed.
Disk driveexam: A disk drive is a peripheral device for recording, storing, and retrieving information.
Distributed cloud computingexam: Distributed cloud computing reduces latency and improves performance by distributing cloud services such as data sets, storage, and processing to different physical locations that are closer to the users.
Distributed database management system (DDBMS)exam: A distributed database management system (DDBMS) stores data on multiple servers throughout an organization.
DNA identificationexam: DNA identification gathers a user’s unique behavioral characteristics and then creates an “eDNA” profile that is used for identification when the user tries to log in to a system.
Document and content management softwareexam: Document and content management software enables team members to store and share information and work together on different files.
Drag and dropexam: The technique of moving an item by selecting it and then dragging the selection to a new location; can be used to move an Excel cell or range, a PowerPoint thumbnail, or a Word text or graphic.
Drill modeexam: A mode applied to a visualization that lets the user “drill” into, or go to deeper levels in, the data.
Drill upexam: The process in data analysis in which the data view goes from the most specific to the most general.
Drilling downexam: In Excel, the process in data analysis in which the data view goes from the most general to the most specific.

E

Edge computingexam: Edge computing pushes processing and data to the near edge of the network, which enables timely collection, processing, and analysis of data.
Edit modeexam: The mode in which you can make changes to a cell’s content directly in the cell.
Egocentric environmentexam: In an egocentric environment, the user is totally immersed in the VR world.
Electronic data interchange (EDI)exam: Electronic data interchange (EDI) enables business partners to send and receive information about business transactions.
E-marketplaceexam: An e-marketplace is a third-party exchange (B2B model) that provides a platform for buyers and sellers to interact with each other and trade more efficiently online.
Encapsulationexam: Encapsulation refers to the grouping of various objects along with their attributes and methods into a class—in other words, grouping related items into a single unit. This assists in the handling of more complex types of data, such as images and graphs.
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)exam: Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is an integrated system that collects and processes data and manages and coordinates resources, information, and functions throughout an organization.
Enterprise systemexam: An enterprise system is an application that is used in all the functions of a business and supports decision making throughout the organization.
Error valueexam: A message in a cell that indicates some part of a formula is preventing Excel from returning a calculated value.
Evaluation (CRISP-DM phase 5)exam: Evaluating whether the business objectives were achieved. For descriptive analytics, the question is whether the reporting satisfies the project objectives.
Evolutionary methodexam: A Solver method used for complicated expressions involving discontinuous functions.
Exact match lookupexam: A lookup in which the lookup value must exactly match one of the values in the lookup table.
Excelexam: A spreadsheet program used to enter, analyze, and present quantitative data; also called Microsoft Excel 2019.
Excel applicationexam: A workbook written or tailored to meet specific needs; typically includes reports and charts, a data entry area, a custom interface, as well as instructions and documentation.
Excel data formexam: A dialog box containing the field names from an Excel table or data range along with input boxes for entering new data.
Executive information systems (EISs)exam: Executive information systems (EISs), which are branches of DSSs, are interactive information systems that give executives easy access to internal and external data. They typically include “drill-down” features and a digital dashboard for examining and analyzing information.
Exocentric environmentexam: In an exocentric environment, the user is given a “window view” of VR. Data is still rendered in 3D, but users can only view it on a screen. They cannot interact with objects, as in an egocentric environment.
Expert systemsexam: Expert systems mimic human expertise in a particular field to solve a problem in a well-defined area.
Explanation facilityexam: An explanation facility performs tasks similar to what a human expert does by explaining to end users how recommendations are derived.
Exploded pie chartexam: A pie chart that moves one slice away from the others as if someone were taking the piece away from the pie.
Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)exam: MIS 3
Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL) refers to the processes used in a data warehouse. It includes extracting data from outside sources, transforming it to fit operational needs, and loading it into the end target (database or data warehouse).; ITM 310
Extraction, Transformation, and Loading: selecting tables, records, and attributes, then transforming and cleaning the data.

F

Fact tablesupport: The central table in a star schema: one row per transaction or event, holding the numbers being measured and keys to the lookup tables.
Fake newsexam: Fake news is a story or hoax created to intentionally misinform or deceive readers.
Fault-tolerant systemsexam: Fault-tolerant systems ensure availability in the event of a system failure by using a combination of hardware and software.
Fifth-generation languages (5GLs)exam: Fifth-generation languages (5GLs) use some artificial intelligence technologies, such as knowledge-based systems, natural language processing (NLP), visual programming, and a graphical approach to programming. These languages are designed to facilitate natural conversations between you and the computer.
Artificial intelligence and natural language processing are Module 9 terms; they're defined in MIS 9, The Counter Assistant.
Fill handleexam: A black square that appears in the lower-right corner of a selected cell or range; used to fill adjacent cells with duplicate or similar data.
Filters panesupport: Filters a visual, page, or report the way a slicer does, but is not shown on the canvas.
Financial functionsexam: Excel functions used to analyze loans, investments, and business statistics.
Firewallexam: A firewall is a combination of hardware and software that acts as a filter or barrier between a private network and external computers or networks, including the Internet. A network administrator defines rules for access, and all other data transmissions are blocked.
Five Forces Modelexam: Michael Porter’s Five Forces Model analyzes an organization, its position in the marketplace, and how information systems could be used to make it more competitive. The five forces include buyer power, supplier power, threat of substitute products or services, threat of new entrants, and rivalry among existing competitors.
Fixed expenseexam: In financial analysis, an expense that must be paid regardless of sales volume.
Flash Fillexam: An Excel feature that looks for patterns in the data you enter and automatically fills or formats data in remaining cells based on those patterns.
Footerexam: In Excel, text or graphics that print at the bottom of each page.
Forecast sheetsexam: An Excel tool used for modeling data and forecasting future values.
Foreign keyexam: A foreign key is a field in a relational table that matches the primary key column of another table. It can be used to cross-reference tables.
Form controlsexam: In Word, a field into which a user types information.
Formattingexam: The enhancement of how content appears on the screen by changes to its font, size, color, or alignment.
Forward chainingexam: In forward chaining, a series of “if–then–else” condition pairs is performed.
Fourth-generation languages (4GLs)exam: Fourth-generation languages (4GLs) use macro codes that can take the place of several lines of programming. The commands are powerful and easy to learn, even for people with little computer training.
Fragmentationexam: The fragmentation approach to a distributed DBMS addresses how tables are divided among multiple locations. There are three variations: horizontal, vertical, and mixed.
Freezeexam: To keep rows and/or columns you select visible as you scroll a worksheet.
Fungible tokensexam: Fungible tokens are representations of assets on a blockchain that are interchangeable.
Future valueexam: The value of a loan or investment at a future date.
Fuzzy logicexam: Fuzzy logic allows a smooth, gradual transition between human and computer vocabularies and deals with variations in linguistic terms by using a degree of membership.

G

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)exam: The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) covers a series of laws that protect European Union (EU) citizens’ personal data, including genetic data, health records, racial or ethnic origin, and religious beliefs.
General formatexam: An Excel number format that, for the most part, displays values exactly as they are typed.
Genetic algorithms (GAs)exam: Genetic algorithms (GAs) are search algorithms that mimic the process of natural evolution. They are used to generate solutions to optimization and search problems using such techniques as mutation, selection, crossover, and chromosome.
Geographic information system (GIS)exam: MIS 6
A global information system (GIS) works across national borders, facilitates communication between headquarters and subsidiaries in other countries, and incorporates all the technologies and applications found in a typical information system to gather, store, manipulate, and transmit data across cultural and geographic boundaries.
Not the same GIS as the geographic information system in MIS 8. The course abbreviates both as GIS.; MIS 8
A geographic information system (GIS) captures, stores, processes, and displays geographic information or information in a geographic context. For example, a GIS can show the locations of all city streetlights on a map.
Not the global information system from MIS 6. The course abbreviates both as GIS.
Get Datasupport: The Power BI command that connects to a data source and starts an import.
GETPIVOTDATA functionexam: The function That extracts information from a PivotTable for use in a report.
Global optimumexam: The overall high point or optimal solution to a Solver problem.
Global structureexam: A global structure uses highly centralized information systems. Subsidiaries have little autonomy and rely on headquarters for all process and control decisions as well as system design and implementation.
Global supply chain managementexam: Global supply chain management incorporates management processes around the globe that integrate the network of suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, and retail outlets in order to source high-quality raw materials, efficiently convert them to finished goods, and ship them in the right quantities to the right locations in a timely manner with the highest possible quality.
Goal Seekexam: A feature that reverses the trial-and-error process by allowing you to specify an output value and then working backward to find the input value needed to reach that goal.
Graph databaseexam: A graph database is a database that uses graph structures for query operation with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data.
Gray hatsexam: As you might imagine, they are a mixture of black and white hacking. Gray hats may violate laws or ethical standards, but they do not have the malicious intent to harm a person or a system. They look for vulnerabilities in a system without the owner’s permission or knowledge. They may inform the owner that they have found vulnerabilities and will fix them for a small fee.
Green computingexam: Green computing involves the design, manufacture, use, and disposal of computers, servers, and other computing devices so that there is minimal impact on the environment.
GRG Nonlinear methodexam: A Solver method used for complicated expressions involving nonlinear functions.
Grid computingexam: Grid computing involves combining the processing powers of various computers. With this configuration, users can make use of other computers’ resources to solve problems involving large-scale, complex calculations, such as circuit analysis or mechanical design—problems that a single computer is not capable of solving in a timely manner.
Gross profitexam: The difference between sales revenue and the cost of goods sold.

H

Headerexam: In Excel, text or graphics that print at the top of each page.
Header rowexam: In an Excel or Word table, the first row; it contains field (column) names.
Hidingexam: To remove a row, column, or worksheet from view while still keeping it part of the worksheet.
Hierarchical modelexam: In a hierarchical model, the relationships between records form a treelike structure (hierarchy). Records are called nodes, and relationships between records are called branches. The node at the top is called the root, and every other node (called a child) has a parent. Nodes with the same parents are called twins or siblings.
Hierarchy chartsexam: A chart that show the relative contribution of groups to a whole.
High-level languagesexam: High-level languages are machine independent and part of the third generation of computer languages. Many languages are available, and each is designed for a specific purpose.
Histogramexam: A column chart displaying the distribution of values from a single data series.
Hybrid cloudexam: A hybrid cloud is a collection of at least one private cloud and at least one public cloud. In a hybrid cloud environment, there are a variety of public and private options, with multiple providers.

I

IFERROR functionexam: A function used to hide error values from appearing in cells.
IFS functionexam: A function that tests for multiple conditions without nesting.
Implanted microchipsexam: Implanted microchips, a controversial technology, are microchips the size of a grain of rice that are inserted between the thumb and the index finger. The microchip can store various information, including that for a user’s ID cards and credit cards, which could be used to log in to Web sites and to enter a secure room.
Implementation phaseexam: In the implementation phase, the organization devises a plan for carrying out the alternative selected in the choice phase and obtains the resources to implement the plan.
Income statementexam: A financial statement that summarizes the income and expenses incurred during a specified interval. Also called a profit and loss statement.
Indexed sequential access method (ISAM)exam: With the indexed sequential access method (ISAM), records can be accessed sequentially or randomly, depending on the number being accessed. For a small number, random access is used, and for a large number, sequential access is used.
Indirect referencingexam: A cell reference in which the reference itself is a calculated value.
Inference engineexam: An inference engine is similar to the model base component of a decision support system. By using different techniques such as forward and backward chaining, it manipulates a series of rules.
Informationexam: Information consists of facts that have been analyzed by the process component and is an output of an information system.
Information literacyexam: Information literacy is understanding the role of information in generating and using business intelligence.
Business intelligence is a Module 3 term; it's defined in MIS 3, One Customer, Four Records.
Information technologiesexam: Information technologies support information systems and use the Internet, computer networks, database systems, POS systems, and RFID tags.
RFID tags are a Module 7 term; they're defined in MIS 7, Chick Days.
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)exam: Infrastructure as a service (IaaS), also called hardware as a service (HaaS), is a type of cloud computing whereby computer infrastructure (such as storage, hardware, servers, and networking components) is delivered as a service.
Inheritanceexam: Inheritance refers to new objects being created faster and more easily by entering new data in attributes.
Input devicesexam: Input devices send data and information to the computer. Examples include a keyboard and mouse.
INT functionexam: The function that always rounds a value down to the next lowest integer.
Integrityexam: Integrity refers to the accuracy of information resources within an organization.
Intellectual propertyexam: Intellectual property is a legal umbrella covering protections that involve copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and patents for “creations of the mind” developed by people or businesses.
Intelligence phaseexam: In the intelligence phase, a decision maker examines the organization’s environment for conditions that need decisions. Data is collected from a variety of sources (internal and external) and processed. From this information, the decision maker can discover ways to approach the problem.
Intelligent agentsexam: Intelligent agents are software capable of reasoning and following rule-based processes; they are becoming more popular, especially in e-commerce.
Interestexam: The amount added to a principal amount by a lender.
International structureexam: An organization with an international structure operates much like a multinational corporation, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and production decisions.
Intrusion detection system (IDS)exam: An intrusion detection system (IDS) can protect against both external and internal access. It is usually placed in front of a firewall and can identify attack signatures, trace patterns, generate alarms for the network administrator, and cause routers to terminate connections with suspicious sources.
Iterative processexam: A process used by Solver that starts with an initial solution that it uses as a basis to calculate new solutions.

K

Key performance indicator (KPI)exam: A measurement used by business to measure achievement of a specific goal.
In Power BI, KPIs are built from calculated measures.
Keyboard shortcutexam: A key or combination of keys that you press to access a feature or perform a command, instead of using a mouse or touch gestures.
Keystroke loggersexam: Keystroke loggers are software or hardware devices that monitor and record keystrokes.
KeyTipsexam: Labels that appear over each tab and command on the ribbon when the ALT key is pressed.
Knowledge acquisition facilityexam: A knowledge acquisition facility is a software package with manual or automated methods for acquiring and incorporating new rules and facts, making the expert system capable of growth.
Knowledge baseexam: A knowledge base is similar to a database, but in addition to storing facts and figures, it keeps track of rules and explanations associated with facts.
Knowledge base management system (KBMS)exam: A knowledge base management system (KBMS), similar to a DBMS, is used to keep the knowledge base updated with changes to facts, figures, and rules.
Knowledge management (KM)exam: Knowledge management (KM) draws on concepts of organizational learning, organizational culture, and best practices to convert tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge, creates a knowledge-sharing culture in an organization, and eliminates obstacles to sharing knowledge.

L

Label filtersexam: A filter applied directly to PivotTable fields that selects data based on the labels of the items in the field.
Landscape orientationexam: The position of a page, slide, or worksheet so that the page, slide, or worksheet is wider than it is tall.
Limits reportexam: A Solver report that displays the mathematical aspects of a successful solution.
Line charts (or time-series charts)exam: Line charts (or time-series charts) show data changes over time.
Linked data typesexam: Data types linked to resources on the Internet.
Live Previewexam: An Office feature that shows the results that would occur in your file, such as the effects of formatting options on a document’s appearance, if you clicked the option you are pointing to.
Local optimumexam: A nearby highpoint or local solution to a Solver problem.
Locked propertyexam: A setting that determines whether changes can be made to a cell.
Log filesexam: Log files, which are generated by Web server software, record a user’s actions on a Web site.
Logic bombexam: A logic bomb is a type of Trojan program used to release a virus, worm, or other destructive code. Logic bombs are triggered at a certain time (sometimes the birthday of a famous person) or by a specific event, such as a user pressing the Enter key or running a certain program.
Logical functionexam: A function that returns a different value depending on whether the given condition is true or false.
Logical viewexam: The logical view involves how information appears to users and how it can be organized and retrieved.
Long Date formatexam: A format for dates that displays the day of the week and the full month in addition to the day of the month and the year.
Lookup functionexam: A function that retrieves a value that matches a specified condition from a table of data.
Lookup tableexam: In Excel, a table that stores the data you want to retrieve with a lookup function; also called a table array.
Lookup valuesexam: The value that is being looked up in a lookup table.

M

Mexam: The query language used by Power Query to create queries.
Machine languageexam: Machine language, the first generation of computer languages, consists of a series of 0s and 1s representing data or instructions. It is dependent on the machine, so code written for one type of computer does not work on another type of computer.
Machine learningexam: Machine learning is a process and procedure by which knowledge is gained through experience. In other words, computers learn without being explicitly programmed.
Macro virusesexam: A type of virus that uses a program’s own macro programming language to distribute the virus.
Magnetic diskexam: A magnetic disk, made of Mylar or metal, is used for random-access processing. In other words, data can be accessed in any order, regardless of its order on the surface.
Magnetic tapeexam: Magnetic tape is made of a plastic material and stores data sequentially.
Main memoryexam: Main memory stores data and information and is usually volatile; its contents are lost when electrical power is turned off. It plays a major role in a computer’s performance.
Major tick marksexam: Lines that identify the main units on a chart axis.
Management information system (MIS)exam: A management information system (MIS) is an organized integration of hardware and software technologies, data, processes, and human elements designed to produce timely, integrated, relevant, accurate, and useful information for decision-making purposes.
Management support systems (MSSs)exam: Management support systems (MSSs) are the different types of information systems that have been developed to support certain aspects and types of decisions. Each type of MSS is designed with unique goals and objectives.
Managerial designerexam: A managerial designer defines the management issues in designing and using a DSS. These issues do not involve the technological aspects of the system; they are related to management’s goals and needs.
Manual filtersexam: A filter applied directly to PivotTable fields that selects values selected from check boxes listing all of the unique field values.
Manual groupexam: A new PivotTable group created by combining items within a field that appears as a new field within the PivotTable.
Marginexam: In Excel and Word, the space between the page content and the edges of the page.
Mashup query languageexam: In Excel, a type of programming language used by queries to extract and transform data.
MAXIFS functionexam: A function that calculates the maximum value in a range that meets multiple criteria.
Meanexam: The average of a series of data values calculated by dividing the data sum by the number of data values in the series.
Medianexam: The central value of a data series.
Metaverseexam: The metaverse is a 3D virtual world that provides a seamless digital environment where users can do almost everything they do in the real world, such as playing games, shopping, buying real estate, and attending conferences.
Microsoft Excelexam: The spreadsheet program in the Microsoft Office suite; used to enter, analyze, and present quantitative data; also called Excel.
Mini toolbarexam: A small toolbar that appears next to text you select using the mouse or when you right-click a document, worksheet, slide, or database cell.
MINIFS functionexam: A function that calculates the minimum value in a range that meets multiple criteria.
Minor tick marksexam: Lines that identify the smaller intervals between major tick marks on a chart axis.
Misinformationexam: Misinformation is fake information that is distributed to an audience, regardless of intent to mislead.
Mixed expenseexam: Expenses which are part variable and part fixed.
Mixed reality (MR)exam: Mixed reality (MR) overlays virtual objects on real objects and anchors virtual objects to real-world objects so they can interact with one another.
Modeexam: The value that is repeated most often in a data set.
Model baseexam: The model base component includes mathematical and statistical models that, along with the database, enable a DSS to analyze information.
Model builderexam: A model builder is the liaison between users and designers. This person is responsible for supplying information on what the model does, what data inputs it accepts, how the model’s output should be interpreted, and what assumptions go into creating and using the model.
Modeling (CRISP-DM phase 4)exam: Various modeling techniques are selected and applied: select the techniques, build the models, and assess them. It may be necessary to step back to the data preparation phase.
MODE.MULT functionexam: The function that returns the single value that is repeated most often in the range.
Moduleexam: In Access and Excel, an object that stores Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) programming code in the form of macros.
Monitoring and surveillance agentsexam: Monitoring and surveillance agents usually track and report on computer equipment and network systems to predict when a system crash or failure might occur.
Motherboardexam: A motherboard is the main circuit board containing connectors for attaching additional boards. It usually contains the CPU, basic input/output system (BIOS), memory, storage, interfaces, serial and parallel ports, expansion slots, and all the controllers for standard peripheral devices, such as the display monitor, disk drive, and keyboard.
Mouse Modeexam: A mode in which you use a computer mouse to interact with commands and tools.
MROUND functionexam: The function that rounds a value to the nearest multiple of a given number.
Multicloudexam: Multicloud refers to using more than a single public cloud in an organization.
Multinational corporations (MNCs)exam: A multinational corporation (MNC) is an organization with assets and operations in at least one country other than its home country. An MNC delivers products and services across national borders and is usually centrally managed from its headquarters.
Multinational structureexam: In a multinational structure, production, sales, and marketing are decentralized, and financial management remains the parent’s responsibility.

N

Named setsexam: A feature that defines which fields are displayed within each part of the PivotTable based on the Data Model.
Nanotechnologyexam: Nanotechnology incorporates techniques that involve the structure and composition of materials on a nanoscale.
Natural-language processing (NLP)exam: Natural-language processing (NLP) was developed so users could communicate with computers in human language.
Nestedexam: To place one thing inside another, such as a function inside another function.
Network modelexam: The network model is similar to the hierarchical model, but records are organized differently. Unlike the hierarchical model, each record in the network model can have multiple parent and child records.
Network-attached storage (NAS)exam: Network-attached storage (NAS) is essentially a network-connected computer dedicated to providing file-based data storage services to other network devices.
NETWORKDAYS functionexam: The function that calculates the number of working days between two dates.
Nonbinding constraintexam: A constraint that needs not be included in the Solver model and is not a limiting factor in arriving at the solution.
Non-fungible token (NFT)exam: A non-fungible token (NFT) is a one-of-a-kind crypto asset in which each token is unique and backed by a blockchain.
Nonrepudiationexam: Nonrepudiation is a method for binding all parties to a contract.
Normalizationexam: Normalization improves database efficiency by eliminating redundant data and ensuring that only related data is stored in a table.
Numeric dataexam: Any number that can be used in a mathematical operation.

O

Objectexam: An object is an item that contains both data and the procedures that read and manipulate it.
Object-oriented databasesexam: In object-oriented databases, both data and their relationships are contained in a single object. An object consists of attributes and methods that can be performed on the object’s data.
Object-oriented programming (OOP)exam: An object-oriented programming (OOP) language is organized around a system of objects that represent the real world, as opposed to a series of computational steps used in traditional languages.
Offshore outsourcingexam: With offshore outsourcing, an organization chooses an outsourcing firm in another country that can provide needed services and products.
On-demand softwareexam: Software that is distributed online for a monthly subscription or an annual fee.
One-to-one relationshipexam: A relationship between two tables in which each record in the first table matches at most one record in the second table, and each record in the second table matches at most one record in the first table.
Online Analytic Processingexam: A database built to optimize structured data for querying and reporting.
Online analytical processing (OLAP)exam: Online analytical processing (OLAP) generates business intelligence. It uses multiple sources of information and provides multidimensional analysis, such as viewing data based on time, product, and location.
Online auctionexam: By using the Internet, an online auction brings traditional auctions to customers around the globe and makes it possible to sell far more goods and services than at a traditional auction.
Online transaction processing (OLTP)exam: Online transaction processing (OLTP) is used to facilitate and manage transaction-oriented applications, such as point-of-sale, data entry, and retrieval transaction processing. It generally uses internal data and responds in real time.
Operating system (OS)exam: An operating system (OS) is a set of programs for controlling and managing computer hardware and software. It provides an interface between a computer and the user and increases computer efficiency by helping users share computer resources and by performing repetitive tasks for users.
Operatorsexam: A mathematical symbol used in a formula to combine different values, resulting in a single value that is displayed within the cell.
OR functionexam: A logical function that returns TRUE if either part of the condition is true.
Output devicesexam: An output device is capable of representing information from a computer. The form of this output might be visual, audio, or digital; examples include printers, display monitors, and plotters.

P

Page orientationexam: The direction in which content is printed on the page.
Page-level filterexam: In Power BI Desktop, filtering that is applied to all content within a page.
Pareto chartexam: A combination chart that combines a column chart a line chart with the categories sorted in order from largest contributors to the smallest.
Passwordexam: A password is a combination of numbers, characters, and symbols that a user enters to gain access to a system.
Pasteexam: To place an item stored in the Clipboard into a location in a file or window.
Pathexam: An address that describes the exact location of a file in a file hierarchy showing the folder with the highest hierarchy level on the left and steps through each hierarchy level toward the right; locations are separated by small triangles or by backslashes.
Personal agentsexam: Personal agents perform specific tasks for a user, such as remembering information for filling out Web forms or completing e-mail addresses after the first few characters are typed.
Personal Macro workbookexam: A workbook named Personal.xlsb that can contain macros that are available to any open workbook; opens whenever you start Excel to make macros available at any time, but is hidden by default.
Personalizationexam: Personalization is the process of satisfying customers’ needs, building customer relationships, and increasing profits by designing goods and services that meet customers’ preferences better. It involves not only customers’ requests, but also the interaction between customers and the company.
Pharmingexam: Similar to phishing, pharming directs Internet users to fraudulent Web sites with the intention of stealing their personal information, such as Social Security numbers, passwords, bank account numbers, and credit card numbers. The difference is that pharmers usually hijack an official Web site, then alter its IP address so that users who enter the correct Web address are directed to the pharmer’s fraudulent Web site.
Phishingexam: Phishing is the transmission of fraudulent e-mails that seem to come from legitimate sources, such as a bank or university.
Physical security measuresexam: Physical security measures primarily control access to computers and networks, and they include devices for securing computers and peripherals from theft.
Physical viewexam: The physical view involves how data is stored on and retrieved from storage media, such as hard disks or magnetic tapes.
Pie chartsexam: Pie charts are used to show the proportions of different data items.
PivotTable cacheexam: An object that stores PivotTable data.
PivotTable Wizardexam: The tool used to PivotTables prior to Excel 2016; can be used now to create a separate PivotTable cache.
Pixelexam: Short for picture element, an individual point of color on a display screen or printout.
PKI (public key infrastructure)exam: A PKI (public key infrastructure) enables users of a public network such as the Internet to securely and privately exchange data through the use of a pair of keys—a public one and a private one—that is obtained from a trusted authority and shared through that authority.
Platform as a service (PaaS)exam: Platform as a service (PaaS) provides a computing platform and a computing solution as a service. Clients use the platform and environment to build applications and services over the Internet.
Pointexam: A unit of measure used for font size and, in Excel, row height; one point is equal to 1/72nd of an inch.
Portrait orientationexam: The position of a page, slide, or worksheet so that the page, slide, or worksheet is taller than it is wide.
Power BIexam: Power BI is a platform that allows a user to analyze and visualize data from different sources with different formats.
Power BI Desktopexam: Power BI on a single machine. On-premise.
Power BI Mobileexam: Power BI on smartphones and tablets, one of the deployment options.
Power BI reportsexam: Power BI's data visualization tools: interactive visual reports that let decision makers quickly and visually explore their data.
Power BI serviceexam: BI Tools · Introducing Power BI
A Microsoft cloud-based DDS for creating and publishing datasets, reports, customized apps, and other content to be shared with colleagues and customers.; ITM 310
Power BI via Office 365. Cloud based, so strictly off-premise.
Power Queryexam: A BI tool used for writing queries to almost any kind of data source.
Present valueexam: The current value of a loan or investment.
Primary axisexam: The axis against which a chart’s data series is plotted; usually appears along the left side of a chart.
Primary keyexam: A primary key uniquely identifies every record in a relational database. Examples include student ID numbers, account numbers, Social Security numbers, and invoice numbers.
Primary sort fieldexam: The first sort field specified that determines the order of records in an object.
Principalexam: An amount of money being loaned.
Private cloudexam: In a private cloud, services and the infrastructure are run on a private network.
Processexam: The process component of an information system generates the most useful type of information for decision making, including transaction-processing reports and models for decision analysis.
Profit and loss (P&L) statementexam: A financial statement that summarizes the income and expenses incurred during a specified interval. Also called an income statement.
Public cloudexam: With a public cloud, users connect with an off-site infrastructure over the Internet.
Pull technologyexam: With pull technology, a user states a need before getting information, as when a URL is entered in a Web browser so the user can go to a certain Web site.
Push technologyexam: With push technology, also known as webcasting, a Web server delivers information to users (who have signed up for the service) instead of waiting for them to request the information be sent to them.

Q

QR (quick response) codeexam: A QR (quick response) code is a matrix barcode consisting of black modules arranged in a square pattern on a white background.
Quantum computingexam: Quantum computing uses quantum mechanics to generate and manipulate quantum bits, or qubits. A quantum computer solves problems considered impossible for traditional computers.
Query by example (QBE)exam: With query by example (QBE), you request data from a database by constructing a statement made up of query forms. With current graphical databases, you simply click to select query forms instead of having to remember keywords, as you do with SQL. You can add AND, OR, and NOT operators to the QBE form to fine-tune the query.
Query Editorexam: Power BI's ETL tool, used for shaping and mashing up data. It can import and merge data from a variety of sources, append tables together, and set table and column properties such as data types.
Quick Analysis toolexam: A button that appears whenever you select a range of cells, providing access to the most common tools for data analysis and formatting of the selected range.
Quid pro quoexam: Similar to baiting, quid pro quo involves a hacker requesting the exchange of critical data or login information for a service or prize.

R

R² statisticexam: A measure of the percentage of the variability in a data series that can be explained by a trendline.
Radio frequency identification (RFID)exam: A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag is a small electronic device consisting of a small chip and an antenna. This device provides a unique identification for a card or an object carrying the tag.
Random access file structureexam: In a random access file structure, records can be accessed in any order, regardless of their physical locations in storage media. This method of access is fast and very effective when a small number of records needs to be processed daily or weekly.
Random access memory (RAM)exam: Random access memory (RAM) is volatile memory, in which data can be read from and written to; it is also called read-write memory.
Range referenceexam: The cell reference of the upper-left cell of the rectangular block and the cell reference of the lower-right cell, separated by a colon.
Read-only memory (ROM)exam: Read-only memory (ROM) is nonvolatile; data cannot be written to ROM.
Redundant array of independent disks (RAID)exam: A redundant array of independent disks (RAID) system is a collection of disk drives used for fault tolerance and improved performance and is typically found in large network systems.
Refreshexam: To update a PivotTable so it reflects changes to the underlying data.
Relational databasesexam: A database that consists of a collection of tables that can be joined through a common field; each table contains information on a specific subject, stored in the same file.
Relational modelexam: A relational model uses a two-dimensional table of rows and columns of data. Rows are records (also called tuples), and columns are fields (also referred to as attributes).
Relationship (Power BI model)exam: A link between tables in the data model, created on Primary Key and Foreign Key fields that match (have the same ranges of values).
Replicationexam: The replication approach to a distributed DBMS has each site store a copy of the data in the organization’s database.
Report canvassupport: The page in Power BI Desktop where visuals are built by dragging fields onto it.
Report-level filterexam: In Power BI, filtering that is applied to all pages of a report.
Return valuesexam: The data values being retrieved by the lookup function from a lookup table.
Reverse auctionsexam: A reverse auction invites sellers to submit bids for products and services. In other words, there is one buyer and many sellers: a one-to-many relationship. The buyer can choose the seller that offers the service or product at the lowest price.
RGB Color modelexam: A format used to create custom colors by specifying varying intensities of red, green, and blue.
Robotsexam: Robots are one of the most successful applications of AI. They perform well at simple, repetitive tasks and can be used to free workers from tedious or hazardous jobs.
Rootkitexam: A rootkit is a series of software tools that enable an unauthorized user to gain access to a computer or network system without being detected.
ROUND functionexam: The function that rounds a value to the nearest digit.
ROUNDDOWN functionexam: The function that rounds a value to the next lowest digit.

S

SAM Examsexam: An assessment tool in SAM that lets students demonstrate what they’ve learned about Microsoft Office, Windows, and technology topics.
SAM Pathexam: A feature in SAM that lists a sequence of exam and training assignments.
SAM Projectsexam: SAM assignment types that require students to work in the appropriate Microsoft Office application and provide autograded results.
SAM (Skills Assessment Manager)exam: An interactive online learning environment that teaches and assesses skills in Microsoft Office, Windows, keyboarding, and technology topics.
SAM Trainingexam: A step-by-step, interactive, cloud-based tool for learning Microsoft Office, Windows, and technology topics.
Sans serif fontsexam: Font that does not include short decorative lines at the upper and lower ends of their characters.
Scaleexam: In Excel, the range of values displayed on a chart axis, or to change the size of the worksheet on the printed page.
Scalingexam: In Excel, the range of values displayed on a chart axis, or to change the size of the worksheet on the printed page.
ScreenTipexam: A label that appears when you point to a button or object, that may include the name, purpose, or keyboard shortcut for the object; may also include a link to associated help topics.
Script kiddiesexam: Inexperienced, usually young hackers who use programs that others have developed to attack computer and network systems and deface Web sites.
Seasonal dataexam: Data in which the data values follow a periodic pattern throughout the calendar year.
Secondary axisexam: In a combination chart, an additional axis that supplies the scale for one of the chart types used.
Secondary memoryexam: Secondary memory, which is nonvolatile, holds data when the computer is off or during the course of a program’s operation. It also serves as archival storage.
Secondary sort fieldexam: In Access and Excel, a second field that determines the order of records in an object that are already sorted by a primary sort field.
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)exam: Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a commonly used encryption protocol that manages transmission security on the Internet.
Security as a service (SECaaS)exam: The security as a service (SECaaS) model provides cybersecurity services on a subscription basis.
Semi-fungible tokens (SFTs)exam: Semi-fungible tokens (SFTs) can be traded as both fungible and non-fungible.
Semistructured decisionsexam: Semistructured decisions include a structured aspect that benefits from information retrieval, analytical models, and information systems technology.
Sensitivity reportexam: A Solver report that displays the mathematical aspects of a successful solution.
Sequential access file structureexam: In a sequential access file structure, records in files are organized and processed in numerical or sequential order, typically the order in which they were entered.
Serif fontsexam: Fonts that have short decorative lines at the upper and lower ends of their characters.
Serverexam: A server is a computer and all the software for managing network resources and offering services to a network.
Shopping and information agentsexam: Shopping and information agents help users navigate through the vast resources available on the Web and provide better results in finding information. These agents can navigate the Web much faster than humans and gather more consistent, detailed information. They can serve as search engines, site reminders, or personal surfing assistants.
Short Date formatexam: In Excel, an abbreviated date format in the format mm/dd/yyyy.
Shortcut menuexam: A list of frequently used commands that relate to an object, typically displayed by right-clicking; the commands on a shortcut menu are related to the item you right-clicked.
Show Report Filters Pagesexam: In Excel, a feature that lets you filter PivotTable data to show one or more fields.
Significant digitsexam: The number of digits that should be displayed for a calculation; they indicate the accuracy of the measured and calculated values.
Simplex LP methodexam: A Solver method used for simple linear expressions.
Slackexam: In Solver, the difference between the value in the cell and the value at the limit of the constraint, showing how close the constraint came to be a binding constraint.
Slicersupport: A visual on the report canvas that filters the other visuals on the page when you pick a value.
SmartArt graphicsexam: A diagram that shows information or ideas visually using a combination of shapes and text.
Sniffingexam: Sniffing is capturing and recording network traffic.
Social engineeringexam: Social engineering takes advantage of the human element of a security system to trick others into revealing private information.
Social media networking ethicsexam: Social media networking ethics advocates that social media should be open and provide fair access to all of its users.
Soft robotexam: A soft robot is made of elastomer, is simpler to make and less expensive than conventional robots, and is used for an increasing number of applications.
Software as a service (SaaS)exam: Software as a Service · MIS 10
Software that is distributed online for a monthly subscription or an annual fee.; Software as a service (SaaS) · MIS 10
Software as a service (SaaS), also known as on-demand software, is a model in which ASPs deliver software to users for a fee; the software is for temporary or long-term use.
Spamexam: Spam is an unsolicited e-mail sent for advertising purposes.
Spoofingexam: Spoofing is an attempt to gain access to a network by posing as an authorized user in order to find sensitive information, such as passwords and credit card information.
Spreadsheetexam: A grid of cells that contain numbers and text; in Microsoft Excel, a spreadsheet is called a worksheet.
Spywareexam: Spyware is software that secretly gathers information about users while they browse the Web.
Stacked column chartexam: A column chart or visualization that places data series values in combined columns that show how much is contributed by each series.
Standard colorsexam: In Excel, one of 10 colors—dark red, red, orange, yellow, light green, green, light blue, blue, dark blue, and purple—that is always available regardless of the workbook’s theme.
Standard fontexam: A font that retains its appearance no matter what theme is used with the workbook.
Standard PivotTableexam: A PivotTable that summarizes data from an Excel table.
Star schemasupport: A way of arranging a data model with one central table of transactions surrounded by lookup tables, each joined to it by a key.
Storage area network (SAN)exam: A storage area network (SAN) is a dedicated high-speed network consisting of both hardware and software used to connect and manage shared storage devices, such as disk arrays, tape libraries, and optical storage devices.
Straight-line depreciationexam: A depreciation method in which an asset loses value by an equal amount each time period until it reach the salvage value.
Strategic information systems (SISs)exam: Strategic information systems (SISs) focus on big-picture, long-term goals and objectives and assist an organization or a decision maker to achieve them.
Structural referencesexam: A reference that refers to a structural element of an Excel table.
Structured decisionsexam: Structured decisions, or programmable tasks, can be automated because a well-defined standard operating procedure exists for these types of decisions.
Structured Query Language (SQL)exam: Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standard fourth-generation query language used by many DBMS packages, such as Oracle Database 12 and Microsoft SQL Server. SQL consists of several keywords that specify actions to take.
Subtotalsexam: In Excel, summary functions applied to part of a data range.
SUMIFS functionexam: In Excel, a function that adds values in a range that meet multiple criteria.
Sunburst chartexam: A hierarchy chart that groups categories within a series of concentric rings, with the upper levels of the hierarchy placed in the innermost rings.
Supply chainexam: A supply chain is an integrated network consisting of an organization, its suppliers, transportation companies, and brokers used to deliver goods and services to customers.
Supply chain management (SCM)exam: Supply chain management (SCM) is the process of working with suppliers and other partners in the supply chain to improve procedures for delivering products and services.
Symmetric encryptionexam: In symmetric encryption (also called secret key encryption), the same key is used to encrypt and decrypt the message. The sender and receiver must agree on the key and keep it secret.
Syntaxexam: A set of rules; used for functions in Excel, procedures in VBA, and queries and properties in Access.

T

Tableauexam: Tableau is a data visualization tool used for generating business intelligence. It is used to analyze data for generating trends using graphs and charts.
Tangible assetsexam: Noncash assets such as equipment, land, buildings, and vehicles.
Task management softwareexam: Task management software enables team members to prioritize and track tasks, which helps to keep track of deadlines.
Technical designerexam: The technical designer focuses on how the DSS is implemented and usually addresses questions about data storage, file structure, user access, response time, and security measures.
Templateexam: A file with a theme applied and that may contain formatted placeholder text, headers and footers, and graphics that you replace with your own information for hundreds of purposes, including budgets, flyers, and resumes; template files have slightly different file extensions than standard application files, such as .xltx, .pptx., or .dotx.
Text dataexam: In Excel, any combination of letters, numbers, and symbols.
Text stringexam: In Excel, a series of text characters.
Text-mining analysisexam: Text-mining analysis, or text data-mining analysis is the process of analyzing vast amounts of textual information to capture key concepts, trends, and hidden relationships.
Themeexam: A predefined, coordinated set of colors, fonts, graphical effects, and other formats that can be applied to documents, spreadsheets, presentations, publications, and Access forms and reports to give them a consistent, professional look.
Theme colorsexam: A named set of complementary colors for text, background, accents, and links in a document.
Theme fontexam: A font associated with a particular theme and used for headings and body text; theme fonts change automatically when the theme is changed.
Time dataexam: A value in a recognized time format.
Time value of moneyexam: A financial concept based on the observation that money received today is often worth more than the same amount received later.
TODAY functionexam: A function that returns only the current date, which updates each time a worksheet is opened.
Touch Modeexam: The interface that that makes it easier to interact with a computer touchscreen using your finger instead of a mouse pointer; the ribbon increases in height, the buttons are larger, and more space appears around buttons so you can more easily use your finger or stylus to tap screen elements.
Transaction-processing systems (TPSs)exam: Transaction-processing systems (TPSs) focus on data collection and processing; the major reason for using them is cost reduction.
Transborder data flow (TDF)exam: Transborder data flow (TDF) restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries.
Transnational structureexam: In an organization with a transnational structure, the parent and all the subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics for delivering products and services to the right market.
Transport Layer Security (TLS)exam: Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a cryptographic protocol that ensures data security and integrity over public networks, such as the Internet.
Treemap chartexam: An Excel chart that provides a hierarchical, visual view of data, making it easy to spot patterns and trends.
Trendlineexam: A line that represents the general direction in a series of data.
Trial and errorexam: A way to perform what-if analysis by changing one or more of the input values to see how they affect the other cells in the workbook.
Trojan programsexam: A Trojan program contains code intended to disrupt a computer, network, or Web site, and it is usually hidden inside a popular program. Users run the program, unaware that the malicious program is also running in the background.
Trust Centerexam: A central location for all Office security settings.

U

Unhidingexam: In Excel, to redisplay hidden rows, columns, or worksheets.
Unstructured decisionsexam: Unstructured decisions are typically one-time decisions, with no standard operating procedure pertaining to them.
Utility (on-demand) computingexam: Utility (on-demand) computing is the provision of IT services on demand. Users pay for computing or storage resources on an as-needed basis, similar to the way one pays for utilities such as heat and water.

V

Validation criteriaexam: In Excel, the type of data, as well as a list or range of acceptable values, specified for a validation rule.
Validation ruleexam: A process in which an xml schema makes sure the xml data follows the rules outlined in the schema.
Value axisexam: In a chart, the axis that contains numerical values; in a 2-dimensional chart, also known as the y-axis.
Value filtersexam: A filter applied directly to PivotTable fields that filters data based on values of numeric field elsewhere in the PivotTable.
Value mapexam: A map chart that fills regions with a color gradient based on the numeric value associated with each region.
Variable expensesexam: Expenses that change in proportion to the volume of production.
Varietyexam: A large collection of different types of data sources that characterizes big data.
Velocityexam: In big data, the rate at which big data is changing.
Virtual organizationsexam: Virtual organizations are networks of independent companies, suppliers, customers, and manufacturers connected via information technology so they can share skills and costs and have access to each other’s markets.
Virtual private network (VPN)exam: A virtual private network (VPN) provides a secure “tunnel” through the Internet for transmitting messages and data via a private network.
Virtual reality (VR)exam: Virtual reality (VR) uses computer-generated, three-dimensional images to create the illusion of interaction in a real-world environment.
Virtual worldexam: A virtual world is a simulated environment designed for users to interact with one another via avatars.
Virusexam: A virus consists of self-propagating program code that is triggered by a specified time or event. When the infected program or operating system is used, the virus attaches itself to other files, and the cycle continues.
Visualexam: In Power BI Desktop, the term that describes charts, graphs, and tables that help you visualize data relationships; also called visualizations.
Visual details areasupport: The course's name for the area under Visualizations where fields go into the axes, legend, values, and details of the selected visual.
Visualizationexam: In Power BI Desktop, the term that describes charts, graphs, and tables that help you visualize data relationships; also called visuals.
Visual-level filterexam: In Power BI Desktop, filtering you perform using visualizations on a page.
Volatile functionsexam: A function that automatically recalculates its values every time Excel does any calculation in the workbook.
Volumeexam: In big data, a large amount of data, so large that even storing the information is a challenge.

W

Watch Windowexam: In Excel, a window that displays values of cells located throughout the workbook.
Waterfall chartexam: A chart used to track the addition and subtraction of values within a sum.
What-if analysisexam: A way to explore the impact that changing input values has on calculated values and output values.
White hatsexam: Also known as ethical hackers, these are computer security experts who specialize in penetration testing and other testing methods to ensure that a company’s information systems are secure.
Wildcardexam: A special symbol that substitutes for unknown characters in search text; the most common are the question mark (?), which stands for any single character, and the asterisk (*), which represents any group of characters.
WORKDAY functionexam: In Excel, a function that displays the date of a weekday that is a specified number of weekdays past a starting date.
Wormexam: A worm travels from computer to computer in a network, but it does not usually erase data. Unlike viruses, worms are independent programs that can spread themselves without having to be attached to a host program.

X

XIRR functionexam: The financial function to calculate the internal rate of return for a series of cash flows made at specified dates.
XNPV functionexam: The financial function to calculate the net present value of a series of cash flows at specified dates.
XY (scatter) chartsexam: XY (scatter) charts show relationships between two sets of data—for example, total sales and advertising budgets or years of education and yearly income.

Z

Zero loginexam: Zero login assumes that devices will be smart and secure enough to quickly recognize users by their unique features, such as their voice and their typing patterns.
Zero trust securityexam: Zero trust security requires every person and every device that accesses a network to be secure, regardless of whether the access is within the organization or outside of it.

#

100% stacked column chartexam: A column chart that places the data series values in combined columns showing the percentage for each series.
3D printingexam: 3D printing, or additive manufacturing is a process for making a physical object from a three-dimensional digital model. The process is accomplished through the application of many successive thin layers of material.
4D printingexam: 4D printing uses special materials and sophisticated designs that are “programmed” to prompt 3D printed objects to change their shape and structure by the influence of external factors.